The Use of Body Language in School英語

The Use of Body Language in School英語文章閱讀

　　The Use of Body Language in School

　　III. The concrete application of the body language in listening, speaking, reading and writing

　　1. Body language helps to improve listening

　　The Greek philosopher ever wittily said: "Nature has given man one tongue and two ears that he may hear twice as much as he speaks." From the saying we can learn how important the listening is in our daily life. To understand others is a basic purpose in English teaching, and teachers often train the students' listening accordingly. In this process, if the body language is used, the effect will be better. When beginning a new lesson, the teacher narrates the story outline in English. The body language may help. For example, a teacher can stretch his arms slowly when he says "She is in a very big room"; he can open his eyes widely with mouth opened when he says "She is so beautiful a lady". As a result, the students will have such an impression: She is very beautiful indeed; a teacher who imitates the crying or the movement of the animals under the premise of teaching order will surely achieve a better effect.

　　2. Body language helps to improve speaking

　　The spoken language is one of the important ways to communicate, so we should try to develop the students' ability of speaking. Factually they are helped to reach the aim in a certain degree by their teacher's body language.

　　The contemporary emphasis is gradually laid on spoken English teaching. The first lesson of every unit in Senior English begins with dialogue. The teaching programs require the teachers to organize the class to practice English according to the characteristics of dialogue. Generally speaking, the body language can arouse and sustain the students' interest of learning and using English. Take it for example, the first lesson in Unit one, Book one is about the time when the new students first meet, and they don't know each other. So a teacher can introduce himself first. During the introduction, He smiles when he says hello to the class; he shakes hands with some students saying "Nice to meet you"; he writes name down on the blackboard; he imitates the action of dribbling and shooting at the basketball, playing chess and turning pages to explain his hobby. After his introduction, the teacher can create a circumstance for the students to practice: "Mary and Jack are new classmates. They are walking together in the street, and they meet one of Jack's old friends, Yang. Then Yang and Mary are introduced to each other by Jack." After the students' practice the dialogue is introduced naturally from it. Usually, the application of body language in different situations will result in an attracting and successful lesson.

　　3. Body language helps to improve reading

　　The purpose of Senior English teaching is to train the students' preliminary ability of using spoken and written English. In the senior school, we lay emphasis one the reading ability that serves the students' further study. Here we mainly mention the helpfulness for reading aloud. Reading aloud helps the students to get a correct pronunciation and intonation and to develop the combination of vocabularies' pronunciation, spelling and meaning. Furthermore it also helps the students to find out the article's internal feelings and appreciate the beauty of the language. A linguist ever said: "A poem is not a poem until it is read." Reading aloud is basic in the middle school, and the teachers should make full use of body language to develop the students' ability of reading aloud. When reading the sentences, attention should be paid to where to speak softly, emphasize, and raise or lower our tone. To make it clear, we can imitate the strong or soft pats that are used in music teaching, which means to use the arcs to represent different tones. In a word, the vivid gesture together with the fluent English can create a good circumstance of learning, which will surely play an active part in improving the students' reading ability.

　　4. Body language helps to improve writing.

　　Writing is one of the four basic skills of learning language, and it is so important a skill that we can even say without it, people can't communicate with others. Not only should the students get some English knowledge and vocabularies, but also the ability to communicate in spoken and written English as what is mentioned in the teaching programs. To some extent, writing is much more important than speaking, for it can spread without the limitation of space and time. To get rid of the students' feelings of being dull and tiring, an English teacher has to use every possible method. This is the same to the writing. Teachers use different method in order to improve the students' ability of writing, among which, the application of body language can deepen the object impression, such is magnificent in developing the students' writing ability.

　　The linguist Franklin ever said, "Tell me, I'll forget; teach me, I'll remember; involve me and I'll learn." If we asked the students to write an unfamiliar composition, they would probably be unable to and feel discouraged. However, the students can write excellent articles if they have the experience.

　　IV. Conclusion

　　Learning English needs practice. The 45 minutes in class is very precious and should be cherished, during which the students should practice as much as possible. To exert the limited time, teachers are required to adopt some effective methods. The use of body language can not only attract the students' attention, but also deepen their impression and imagination. The use of body language is completely up to the standard of audio-visual teaching principle, so teachers should try to teach in English from the beginning to the end, together with the corresponding body language. In the end, the students' ability of English will be certainly and greatly improved.

　　大衛(wèi)科波菲爾的形象分析

　　Abstract

　　David Copperfield is well known as one representative work by Charles Dickens. The greatest novelist in the Victorian period depicted a broad picture of the society of his times by telling the uncommon life of his boy hero, David Copperfield. In addition, David Copperfield was also Dickens’ own favorite. It is written in the first person and is the most autobiographical of all his books. In writing, Dickens threw into this novel deep feelings and much of his own experience in his younger days. By David’s history and experience, Dickens in some way retrospected and drew a conclusion to his life and expressed his life attitude and moral ideal. Furthermore his novel also disclosed the faulty mask of capitalist society and remarkably reflected the negative damage to the marriage, family and society caused by money. It is safe to say that David Copperfield is one of the most excellent characters among all Dickens created. The thesis undertakes to have a detailed study of the characteristics of David Copperfield through the analysis of the influence of the people around him and make a preliminary explanation to it. The work will be done along the development of David Copperfield, from his childhood to his adulthood. The analysis of the characteristics of David Copperfield will provide us a chance to see the features of the capitalist society and give us some inspiration about the life.

　　Key Words: characteristics; life experience; capitalist society

　　摘 要

　　大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾是廣為人知的查爾斯?狄更斯的一部代表作。這位維多利亞時(shí)期最偉大的作家通過講述主人公大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾不平凡的生活經(jīng)歷為讀者描繪了一幅當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的廣闊畫卷。另外，這部小說還是狄更斯自己最鐘愛的一部作品。它以第一人稱敘事，是狄更斯作品中最接近自傳的一部作品。在小說中，作者投入了個(gè)人深切的情感并運(yùn)用了大量個(gè)人早年的生活經(jīng)歷，狄更斯借“大衛(wèi)自身的歷史和經(jīng)驗(yàn)”，從某些方面回顧和總結(jié)了自己的生活道路，表現(xiàn)出他的人生態(tài)度、道德理想，從而也多層次地揭示了當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的真實(shí)面貌，突出地表現(xiàn)了金錢對(duì)婚姻、家庭和社會(huì)的腐蝕作用。完全可以說，大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾是狄更斯創(chuàng)造的最為出色的一個(gè)人物形象之一。本文旨在通過對(duì)大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾的周圍人物對(duì)其性格的影響分析，全面研究大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾的性格，并對(duì)此作出初步的闡述。從童年，青年直到成年時(shí)期的大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾的變化中發(fā)現(xiàn)其成長(zhǎng)歷程中的特點(diǎn)。對(duì)大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾性格的分析，為我們了解資本主義的特征提供了機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也給了我們關(guān)于人生的啟迪。

　　關(guān)鍵詞： 性格 生活經(jīng)歷 資本主義社會(huì)

　　Introduction

　　Charles Dickens（1812～1870） British writer. Dickens lived in the early Victorian period, and all his life and works kept pace with the development of his times. On the whole, his novels were mainly written in a realistic way, disclosing the hypocrisy, greed, meanness and cruelty of the upper-class and capitalist society. As well he was always trying to awaken the general public to struggle against the oppression with a great sympathy and serious attitude. In addition he praised in his works the good qualities of human beings, such as truth, kindness and beauty. Dickens was the main representative of Realism in 1900s. Karl Marx praised him and Thackeray as a group of outstanding novelist of G.B.

　　David Copperfield, created in 1850, was one semi-autobiography by Dickens. It told readers an uncommon story about the boy-hero David Copperfield in a time order. David was born when his father had died. His weak and poor mother remarried Mr. Murdestone, who proved to be a cruel and heartless man. The step-father deprived him of the happiness of childhood and eventually his mother’s life. David became a real orphan. He luckily met a kind-hearted aunt who helped him much in his growth and development. At last David made a great success by his own efforts. David Copperfield is popular with Dickens’ readers all over the world. In Dickens’ own words, it was his own favorite baby.

　　Chapter 1 Charles Dickens and his David Copperfield

　　1.1The Similarity Between Charles Dickens and David Copperfield

　　One great literature figure defined the “novel” as the description of the typical character in the typical environment (especially referring to the social environment). In writing this thesis, the famous definition gives some inspiration to the author. According to the theory, the influence of the other characters in this novel will be taken into consideration in the analysis of the characteristics of David Copperfield. For David Copperfield is one semi-autobiography, it will be a wise and convenient way to analyze the characteristics of the boy hero through the study of the writer himself, including his background, his experiences, his individuality and his attitude. As a result, David Copperfield is Dickens’ David Copperfield and there is a degree of resemblance between the two.

　　There are a lot of proofs regarding this point, such as:

　　Firstly，both of them had a difficult time when they were only a child and the experience as a child-labor had a deep influence on their latter life. Secondly, both of them had an uncommon love history. Especially Dora, who won the heart of David Copperfield in this novel had the same name with one of Dickens’ children who died still an infant. And Agnes Wickfield, the final lover of David Copperfield is much like one of Dickens’ love, Georgina, a friend and helper to Dickens. Thirdly, both of them took to literature and made a great success in their career.

　　Actually in writing this novel Dickens made a good use of his own life experience. Thus the readers may have a further understanding about the great writer by reading this work. At the same time, when we analyzing the characteristics of David Copperfield，it will be a good choice to take advantage of the study of the writer himself.

　　1.2Dickens’ Unhappy Childhood and the Characteristics of David Copperfield

　　Dickens’ childhood was not a happy one. He was not sent to the school because his father was overwhelmed by financial difficulties. Little Dickens had to work to support the family. The work at Warren’s Blacking was a job demeaning and stultifying to his talents. Forster ever said this miserable experience was the secret agony of his soul and the misery to the young heart. In the novel Warren’s Blacking factory appears as Murdestone and Grinby. The hard and bitter life in their childhood on one side deprived them of happiness and was against their development. That is what the readers see about Copperfield: weakness, timid and lack of self-assurance. However, the unpleasant experience on the other side made the ambitious and strong-willed character. In Chapter 11, David’s thought “I feel my hopes of growing up to be a learned and distinguished man, crushed in my bosom” is the best proof for that. (Dickens, 2003:178) To some degree, the misery of child-labor is a positive motivation to the success of both the writer and his boy hero.

　　1.3 Dickens’ Family Background and the Characteristics of David Copperfield

　　Dickens was born in a middle-class family. His grand parents on his father’s side were servants a superior kind in being butler and housekeeper in an aristocratic family and thus holding a position of power and authority, which was as likely to claim the respect of their masters as the awe of their inferiors. Because of such family background, Dickens was inevitably affected and held a conservative class attitude. Thus in the novel readers can observe that good characters are forced to hardship, disappointment, trial and affliction, and to suffer most cruelty while the bad characters do not suffer so much. Steerforth, though a villain, does not suffer as much as Little Emily, his relatives and David do. Even when Uriah Heep lands in law, he is still swindling and still gaining benefits. Murdestone is shown not only as surviving right through to the end of the novel but as cheating and marring another woman who is as credulous as David’s mother.

　　As a reflection of Dickens’ own position, the hero of this novel, David Copperfield showed such negative characteristics as slipperiness and worldly wisdom.

　　1.4 Dickens’ Attitude and the Characteristics of David Copperfield

　　As is known to all Dickens made an amazing series of achievements and Dickens obviously enjoyed the sense that they were due to his own efforts and struggles in which his parents had little part to play.

　　The life in Blacking Factory firmed his general attitude to the world, which helps to explain the extent to which the novels are on the side of youth. In other words, Dickens appreciated the good quality of self-reliance and the strong will of young people.

　　Considering this point, it will be easy to understand why the writer made David suffer so many difficulties such as the ill-treatment of his step-father, the bitter life in Blacking Factory and the bankruptcy of his aunt (though proved to be his aunt’s deliberate plan). Besides, Dickens showed a deep sympathy to the lower-class in his works. And the writer also expressed his feelings about the poor people by his description of David Copperfield.

　　As is liked by Dickens, he created a brave, strong and kind-hearted David Copperfield. In order to get an overall understanding about the characteristics of David Copperfield, the author will have a detailed study of the content of the novel in the following chapters.

　　Chapter 2 The Characteristics of Child David Copperfield

　　2.1 Weakness and Timidity of David Copperfield

　　Copperfield was born at midnight when the clock began to strike. He thought he was “destined to be unlucky in life”. (Dickens, 2003:1) It is not correct to say that his life was an unlucky one. But it is certain that he had an unlucky childhood. The most remarkable characteristic of child David Copperfield is his weakness and timidity, which is also a gloomy shadow in his life. When facing the cruelty of his step-father and suffering the ill-treatment in Salen House, David showed his weakness and timidity. He made no struggle or counterstrike. Do you think it is natural for a child or there are any other reasons?

　　2.1.1 David’s Mother

　　David was born six months after his father’s death. His mother played a particularly important part in the formation of his characteristics. As parents are the best examples of their children. David’s mother was “poorly in health and very low in sprits”. (Dickens, 2003:4)In front of Mr. and Miss Murdestone, his inexperienced and girlish mother was scared and frightened. She could not help or protect her child at all. In Chapter 2, his mother remonstrated him when he put away Mr. Murdestone’s hands touching him. In fact, his poor mother was fully controlled by his step-father. That was just what Mother taught him: to endure and obey, not to struggle or protest when facing his step-father’s tyranny and cruelty. Mother’s death was a heavy blow to David. An image of weakness was broken, which might be a turning-point in his life. It softened the impression of his mother and caused some changes in his thinking. But it is no doubt that his mother left in the world a lonely and weak David Copperfield.

　　2.1.2 Mr. and Miss Murdestone

　　“I might have been improved for my whole life, I might have been made another creature perhaps, for life, by a kind word at that season”. (Dickens, 2003:51)This was what David recalled about Mr. Murdestone, which showed the importance of Mr. Murdestone in his life.

　　Under the control of his step-father, David was helpless. Although he hated Mr. Murdestone, he could not do anything more than crying. Mr. and Miss Murdestone were in charge of the family. And “firmness, was the grand quality on which both of them took their stand”. (Dickens, 2003:54)So-called firmness was “another name for tyranny, and for a certain gloomy, arrogant, devil’s humor, that was in them both”. (Dickens, 2003:54)It’s unreasonable to say that David was born a weak and timid creature. As he was no more than a child, he really did not have that power or capability to change what he suffered from Mr. and Miss Murdestone, two gloomy devils in David’s word. It can be imagined what a difficult situation little David was in. It was natural for him to show weakness and timidity when facing the cruel world.

　　2.1.3 David’s Fellow Partners

　　Without his parents’ love, the friends played an especially important role in David’s life for that broken heart.

　　Ham and Little Emily were an orphan nephew and niece. Before David went to school, they were his best fellow partners. On one side, with the similar background (all of them were orphans), David felt a little bit of happiness and warmness when they played with each other. On the other side, it did nothing good to changing David’s weakness and timidity. Wounded by David, Mr. Murdestone sent him away from home and he began the life in Salen House. He at first suffered the humiliation that he was ordered to wear a placard with a note “Take care of him. He bites”. (Dickens, 2003:87)At that time, another important character turned up in David’s life. He was Steerforth, the idol of child David. When he was at school, Steerforth was no doubt became his saint patron. Even later in his life as a little outcast, on waking up he found himself sitting up with Steerforth’s name upon his lips. David in this period did not make any progress in his characteristics. And he remained to be that weak and timid David Copperfield.

　　2.2 Innocence and Kindness of David Copperfield.

　　Little David was unlucky to face so much hardship, but had some good qualities in common with any other child such as innocence and kindness. This will be referred to in the following paragraphs.

　　2.2.1 David’s Innocence

　　David fell in love with Little Emily when they companied each other in the days in Yarmouth. The affection was the most innocent feelings for a child. David “l(fā)oved that baby quite as truly, quite as tenderly with great purity than can enter into the best love of a later time of life”. (Dickens, 2003:41) Both of them did not worry about the future or any other troubles before them. The biggest for them was love. Because they were young and innocent.

　　On the way to Salen House, the writer referred to an interesting incident. With the “simple confidence and natural reliance of a child upon superior years”, David was used by Servant William. (Dickens, 2003:78) Little David was certain to lack some worldly wisdom and he was only an innocent child.

　　When David worked at Murdestone and Grinby, he met Mr. Micauber whose clothes were shabby, but had an imposing shirt collar on. David did not make fun of him. Instead when he heard of his tragedy and financial difficulties, he was solemnly convinced that he never for an hour was reconciled to it, or was otherwise than miserably unhappy. Even he wanted to lend some money to Mr. Micauber to help him tide over the difficulties, though he himself was poor.

　　Innocence was the most valuable and shinning characteristic of David Copperfield. And we can never find it in his later life.

　　2.2.2 Kindness of David Copperfield

　　Although David met in his life so many bad persons like Mr. and Miss Murdestone, Mr. Creakle and Uriah Heep, he also had a lot of sincere friends and helpers who made David still a kind-hearted one. That is to say, though he had known some bad qualities of the people, David remained what he used to be.

　　In Mr. Murdestone’s house, except his mother, Pegotty was the only one who loved David. And different from his mother, she was able to protect David. When David was treated badly by Mr. and Miss Murdestone, Pegotty came to comfort him at night. And when David was sent away from home, Pegotty wrote letters to encourage him. As is known Pegotty was a servant in David’s family, but she did far more than a servant. To some degree, she was more like David’s mother. Even when David’s mother misunderstood her, Pegotty still took it for granted to protect and help David and his poor mother. It was her loyalty and kindness that was a great help to the development of little David. And David was grateful to her, so he permitted the carrier Barkis to marry her, considering the happiness of Pegotty. That was also little David’s kindness.

　　In a word, child David was innocent and kind in nature.

　　Chapter3 The Characteristics of Young David Copperfield

　　3.1 Sincerity of David Copperfield

　　David’s aunt engendered his determination to leave the dreadful factory, and turn a new leaf of his life. Therefore an introduction of his aunt should come first. David’s aunt, Betsey Trotwood, a feistiness and a wisdom which combine to make her one of the strongest, most independent-minded of all Dickens’ fictional women characters. David believed in his aunt and he was willing to obey her and listen to her advice. What kind of a person David would be depended on his own will, in which his aunt played a great part. In Chapter 15, his aunt told him “never be mean in anything, never be false, and never be cruel”. （Dickens, 2003:258）It (sincerity) was David’s commission to his aunt.

　　When facing Uriah Heep, who always claimed to be a humble man, David was totally at a loss what to do with him. “I felt embarrassed by these compliment” and “they( Heep and his mother ) just did what they liked with me and wormed things out of me what I had no desire to tell”. (Dickens, 2003:300)David himself contributed it to his juvenile frankness. David treated others with his sincerity and a natural feeling of trust.

　　For all these reasons David was a “Daisy” in Steerforth’s eyes. And the “Daisy” is the best symbol of David’s sincerity.

　　3.2 Slipperiness of David Copperfield

　　Slipperiness (we can call it worldly wisdom too) is not a completely depreciative word here. It means that David gradually learned some cleverness to deal with the constantly changing world.

　　David had his new profession, a decent job in Doctor’s Commons. David’s aunt spent one thousand pound in this deal. In this transaction, David began to realize the power of money and the nature of the relations between members of the society. In Doctors’ Commons, Mr. Spenlow told David some secret truth of his profession, “the genteel and most profitable profession in the world”. (Dickens, 2003:457) But David had not the hardihood to suggest to him that possibly they might even improve the world a little, for he did not want to lose his “gentlemanly character”. (Dickens, 2003:569)Some changes inevitably took place in David’s mind. It should be noticed that he even had at that time some lurking distrust of Steerforth, although he wrote to him most affectionately in reply to his letters. It was really a different David. What is more, when he met Mr. Micauber again, he told Tradle, one of his old classmates not to lend Mr. Micauber anything. Nevertheless David’s slipperiness was not a sickening and disgusting characteristic for it was different from Uriah Heep’s slipperiness and it did not mean any harm to others.

　　3.3 Imaturity of David Copperfield

　　David had a desire to apply himself to some pursuit that would not lie too heavily on his aunt and do his own duty. But the too comfortable life indeed tortured his determination.

　　In this period David Copperfield was conservative and had not much passion to his life. In his own words, he lacked firmness and self-reliance. He was immature yet. He could not find a right person he could rely on. Thus the life was empty to him. He threw himself into the ridiculous life smoking and drinking. At the same time he regretted for that when he met Agnes, his “good angel”. (Dickens, 2003:432)He thought of his purity in the early days and shed tears. Later David had his object, Dora. And soon he lost heart to her. The writer used a long passage to des cribe David’s love with Dora and we can infer that his love was really true but it was not reasonable, anyway. Dora was just like a fairy from the heaven, she was destined not to go with David very well. As a result their marriage was not a happy one. In Chapter 48, the frictions in daily life forced David to reconsider their love. He admitted that his own heart was undisciplined when it first loved Dora. He wished his wife had been his counselor; had had more character or purpose to sustain him and improved him by; had been endowed with power to fill up the void about him. Obviously Dora was not his right girl. Actually the blindness in love, in some way, showed the immaturity of young David.

　　All of these facts gave the best explanation to David’s immaturity.

　　3.4 Self-distrust of David Copperfield

　　“A distrust of myself has often beset me in life on small occasions”. (Dickens, 2003:334) At the bottom of his heart, David was self-contemptuous not only because of his family background but his unsuccessful career. His profession lied heavily on his aunt’s support. It should not be denied that David had a strong-willed aunt, but his aunt could not give him self-confidence. Therefore David had not felt happy though he got a decent job and became a gentleman. In addition in pursuit of Dora, especially after his aunt told him about her bankruptcy, David showed his self-distrust, because he was not sure whether Dora would love a poor David. But he should have known that only by his own efforts can he succeed and get his confidence. Besides Steerforth was another character who had a great influence on David’s self-distrust. “I was rather bashful at first, Steerforth being so self-possessed and elegant and superior to me in all respects”. (Dickens, 2003:340)At the school, David was protected by Steerforth and he seemed wiser than any other student. He had all the qualities that David did not possess such as courage, wisdom and elegance. Compared with his idol, David was sure to feel self-distrust. When he was a child, he might be a person bringing David hope. However, it became a gloomy shadow to David when he grew up.

　　To be concluded, young David Copperfield was identified with the most complex characteristics in all his life. He was ambitious to be a distinguished man, but the life experience could not give her sufficient confidence or courage. He wished to treat others sincerely but sometimes he showed his slipperiness. He had the desire to rely on himself but he was unwilling to abandon the comfortable life. It is a critical period for David Copperfield. After the all the troubles, we will see a totally different David Copperfield, Dickens’ best boy hero.

　　Chapter4 The Characteristics of David Copperfield in His Adulthood

　　4.1 Self-reliance of David Copperfield

　　David and his aunt seldom met with each other. But when they met again this time his aunt brought a bad news to him: “I am ruined”. (Dickens, 2003:594)David was shocked by what he heard about his aunt. When his aunt was still in a composed frame of mind, David was really crushed by some frustrated feelings. For his aunt was the pillar in David’s life, her bankruptcy meant he lost the main support and thereafter he had to rely on himself. His clever aunt encouraged him: “we must meet reverses boldly and not suffer them to frighten us”. (Dickens, 2003:595)

　　At this time David realized that “what I had to do was, to turn the painful discipline of my younger days to account, by going to work with a resolute and steady heart”. “I had infinite satisfaction in being so closely engaged and never walked slowly on any account”. (Dickens, 2003:622) In this period we cannot neglect that Dora played an important role in the altered character of David. Because Dora was his object, he felt enthusiastically that “the more I tired myself, the more I was doing to deserve Dora”. (Dickens, 2003:622) Dora was the direct motivation for David to change his own life.

　　In this process, Mr. Dick set a good example to David. In Chapter 36, there is a piece of description about Mr. Dick: “his going about to change this treasure into sixpences, bringing to my aunt arranged in the form of a heart upon a waiter, with tears of joy in his eyes” and (he) “thought my aunt the most wonderful woman in existence and me the most wonderful young man”. (Dickens, 2003:633)Mr. Dick was one of the best friends, his perseverance and confidence surely encouraged David.

　　The love with Dora forced David to work pretty hard, and busily keep red-hot all the irons he had now on the fire. He himself felt his resolution. David made a series of achievements and won the heart of Dora. He had done all by himself.

　　David was not a weak and timid child any more. He had become a strong man. Mr. Wickfield’s death did not defeat him and he comforted Dora’s hurt soul and won her love at last with his perseverance and resolution. Even when Dora died, David was not despaired because he had acquired the capability of living. He could rely on himself rather than others. Eventually David grew to be a famous writer and a real hero with the characteristic of self-reliance.

　　4.2 The Generosity of David Copperfield

　　4.2.1 His Generosity to Steerforth

　　Steerforth, who ever was the best friend of David, was proved to be a false man when he induced Little Emily to run away with him. He betrayed David and hurt his innocent friend’s sincere feelings to him. For some time, David hated Steerforth very much because he broke a happy family and offended and humiliated the kindness of the Pegottys, who were David’s respectable friends. But David thought more about his good qualities. He tried to find a best excuse for Steerforth’s wrong doing. Mr. Pegotty’s attitude toward Emily affected David. Although Emily hurt his heart Mr. Pegotty was generous to her: “if all hurts should come to me, remember that the last words I left for her was: my unchanged love is with my darling child and I forgive her”. (Dickens, 2003:562)And Ham was also a great and generous man. He cost his life to save Steerforth who stole his girl. Eventually David excused his old friend, and brought him back to his home. David’s manner was earnest and the tears in his eyes were the best testimony for his generosity.

　　4.2.2 His Generosity to His Child Wife

　　As is mentioned in Chap.3.3, David and his child wife did not go on very well with each other. Dora knew nothing about the practical life and she could not help David in his writing. That was why David wished to change Dora a little. But at last, he gave up his plan. He realized that Dora’s mind was already formed. He decided to be satisfied with his child wife and try to change her into nothing by any progress. He was heartily tired of being sagacious and prudent. He was willing to give Dora more freedom and happiness.

　　Their marriage was not a perfect one because the disparity between their mind. But we see a generous David who tolerated lovely Dora and gave her all happy days as he could. The generosity of David Copperfield should be appreciated by the readers.

　　4.3 Stability and Maturity of David Copperfield

　　Through so much difficulties and troubles, David had become steady in his steps in his adulthood. In his profession, his love and his friendship, David all found his best answers. He lived his life with his stability and maturity of his mind.

　　Regarding his profession, David went on along a right road. He took to the literature and had fun in what he did. David felt more and more confidence with the success of his career. David knew that his child dream came true by his years’ hard work.

　　And after his child wife died, David decided to give his most sincere love to Agnes, his good angel. However, he was hesitant before Agnes. He dared not to tell her “I love you”. Because he knew what the three words meant, he did not want to hurt Agnes. He thought “it was for me to guard this sisterly affection with religious care. And for David Agnes was no doubt his best choice. Agnes was the light shined on his way. She was the source of every worthy aspiration, the center of his life and the right person he founded his love on a rock. For all the efforts David took, he deserved the love of Agnes. With Agnes’ love and guide, David would make his life better and became more mature and steady in his life.

　　David also found the true friendship in his life. His old classmate, Tradle, who at school was the merriest and most miserable of all the boys, appeared at the end of the novel as a helper of David Copperfield. Tradle was still what he used to be, and he held it as a solemn duty to stand by one another. That was what we called true friend David needed.

　　How to describe David’s happy ending. It will be proper to use David’s own words: I see myself, with Agnes at my side, journeying along the road of life. I see our children and our friends around us; and I hear the roar of many voices, not indifferent to me as I travel on.

　　Conclusion

　　Through the four chapters of analysis of the characteristics of David Copperfield, a conclusion can be drawn here.

　　Born in a singled-parent family, David was affected heavily by his weak mother. His step-father treated him badly and David’s childhood was really a nightmare. It was lucky for David to have Pegotty who helped him. Child David was innocent and kind-hearted. The runaway from Murdestone and Grinby marks the end of David’s childhood. Now David was already a young man. In this period he was on the way to be a man and began to get a further understanding of the life. The characteristics of young David are really something complex. There are both positive and negative sides in his characteristics such as sincerity, slipperiness, immaturity and self-distrust. With his aunt’s support, David got a decent profession and knew much worldly knowledge in association with Mr. Spenlow. The love with Dora showed his immaturity and all of his youthful period can be defined as an immature one. Betsey Trotwood, David’s aunt played a really important role in David’s change in his characteristics. The bankruptcy of his aunt was a significant incident for David Copperfield. He had to say goodbye to yesterday, no more comfortable life and no more financial support from the wealthy aunt. The very change in David’s life was later proved to be a big opportunity for him to make a new era in his life. Thereafter he began to work hard and did his own duty. At last Dickens made a mature boy hero, David Copperfield.

　　Bibliography

　　[1] Booz.B.Elisabeth. A Brief Introduction to Modern English Literature[M]. Shanghai : Shanghai Foreign Education Press, 1993.4.

　　[2] Dickens.Charles. David Copperfield BookⅠ [M]. Yili：Yili People’s Press, Ke Wen Press, 2003.

　　[3] Dickens.Charles. David Copperfield BookⅡ [M]. Yili：Yili People’s Press，Ke Wen Press, 2003.

　　[4] Eagleton.Terry Literary Theory: An Introduction[M]. Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press, 2004.

　　[5] Jordan.O. John. The Cambridge Companion To Charles Dickens[M]. Shanghai :Shanghai Foreign Education Press, 2004.

　　[6] 劉炳善．英國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史新修訂版[M]. 鄭州：河南人民出版社, 1993.

　　[7] 申富英,公麗艷. 新編英國(guó)文學(xué)教程[M]. 濟(jì)南: 山東大學(xué)出版社, 2001.8(2005.8重印).

　　[8] 吳偉仁. 英國(guó)文學(xué)史選讀[M]. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 2003.

　　[9] 楊豈深，孫銖．英國(guó)文學(xué)選讀 第一冊(cè)[M]. 上海：上海譯文出版社, 2003. [10] 張戩坤.奉獻(xiàn)人生[M]. 香港: 飛天文化出版社, 2001.

　　Acknowledgements

　　First and foremost, my heartfelt thanks should be given to my supervisor, Sun Bo, who has offered me valuable advice during my writing of this thesis and spent a lot of time reading and correcting the drafts. It is not exaggerated to say that this thesis could not be accomplished without his guides and efforts.

　　I would also like to express my gratitude to some teachers who have offered many useful and creative suggestions during the writing of this thesis.

　　Moreover, I should also express my thanks to some of my friends who have provided me a lot of helps in the process of writing this thesis.

　　Last but not the least I would express my sincere appreciation to my parents for their advice and patience when I felt anxious and upset during the writing of this paper.

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 觀點(diǎn)辯論）（

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 觀點(diǎn)辯論）（一）

　　2004年雅典奧運(yùn)會(huì)使中國(guó)令世人矚目，中國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)員創(chuàng)造了新的奧運(yùn)會(huì)金牌記錄。獲金牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)員除了得到政府獎(jiǎng)金20萬元以外，還會(huì)從地方得到更多的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。對(duì)此，社會(huì)各界反響不一。

　　贊 成不 贊 成

　　1．運(yùn)動(dòng)員為國(guó)爭(zhēng)了光

　　2．運(yùn)動(dòng)員付出了許多辛苦和汗水

　　3．獎(jiǎng)金有利于中國(guó)體育后備力量的培養(yǎng)1．運(yùn)動(dòng)員是國(guó)家培養(yǎng)出來的，為國(guó)爭(zhēng)光理所當(dāng)然

　　2．得到大量獎(jiǎng)金后，有些隊(duì)員就會(huì)退役

　　3．一些企業(yè)趁機(jī)炒作，從中獲取廣告效應(yīng)

　　請(qǐng)你就此現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單闡述，并提出自己的一些看法或建議。（120詞左右）

　　提示詞匯：獎(jiǎng)金bonus

　　________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 觀點(diǎn)辯論）（一）

　　書面表達(dá)指導(dǎo):

　　一、議論文常用詞匯和句型：

　　Opinions are divided on the question.

　　Some are in favor of it.(be for/ approve of/agree/support…) In their opinion,…/They hold the view that…

　　Others hold the opposite opinion(be against/disagree…). They argue that…

　　Every coin has two sides.

　　As far as I am concerned…/In my opinion…

　　二、議論性作文的結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　1. 開門見山地點(diǎn)明所要闡述的內(nèi)容。

　　2. 分析不同的觀點(diǎn)：可采用分類式或?qū)Ρ仁剑�并闡明理由。要注意層次清楚

　　條理清晰。

　　3. 歸納總結(jié)或發(fā)表評(píng)論。

　　2004年雅典奧運(yùn)會(huì)使中國(guó)令世人矚目，中國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)員創(chuàng)造了新的奧運(yùn)會(huì)金牌記錄。獲金牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)員除了得到政府獎(jiǎng)金20萬元以外，還會(huì)從地方得到更多的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。對(duì)此，社會(huì)各界反響不一。

　　贊 成不 贊 成

　　1．運(yùn)動(dòng)員為國(guó)爭(zhēng)了光

　　2．運(yùn)動(dòng)員付出了許多辛苦和汗水

　　3．獎(jiǎng)金有利于中國(guó)體育后備力量的培養(yǎng)1．運(yùn)動(dòng)員是國(guó)家培養(yǎng)出來的，為國(guó)爭(zhēng)光理所當(dāng)然

　　2．得到大量獎(jiǎng)金后，有些隊(duì)員就會(huì)退役

　　3．一些企業(yè)趁機(jī)炒作，從中獲取廣告效應(yīng)

　　請(qǐng)你就此現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單闡述，并提出自己的一些看法或建議。（120詞左右）

　　提示詞匯：獎(jiǎng)金bonus

　　范文：

　　China drew the most ever attention of the world in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, in which the Chinese athletes set a new record by winning more gold medals than before. The winners of gold medals each received more rewards from local governments as well as a bonus of 200,000

　　yuan from the central government. Opinions are divided on the phenomenon.

　　Some are in favor of it. In their opinion, athletes have won great honour for the country and to win a gold medal, athletes have to make great efforts. What’s more, rewards will benefit the training of future players.

　　In contrast, others hold the opinion that athletes are trained by the country so they are supposed to win honor for China. Also some athletes will probably quit after getting much money. What’s worse, some enterprises will take advantage of the successful athletes to advertise for them, which will have a bad effect on their image.

　　As far as I am concerned, it is necessary to do so since it can inspire athletes to do better in the next Olympics.

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練（議論文 觀點(diǎn)辯論）（二）

　　假如你是某中學(xué)學(xué)生李華。最近，你班同學(xué)正在參加21世紀(jì)英文報(bào)“大家談”欄目的一個(gè)討論。本次話題為：“父母有沒有必要陪讀？”

　　請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表所列情況給報(bào)社寫一封信，客觀地介紹討論的情況。

　　70%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為：30%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為：

　　1． 父母不應(yīng)該陪讀

　　2． 父母陪讀讓我們養(yǎng)成依賴的習(xí)慣，不利于我們將來自控能力的培養(yǎng)，不利于我們培養(yǎng)良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

　　3． 父母陪讀影響了他們的工作、學(xué)習(xí)和休息。1． 父母應(yīng)該陪讀

　　2． 父母陪讀能使我們騰出更多的專心學(xué)習(xí)，使我們身體更健康。

　　3． 父母陪讀能幫助我們確立學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，督促我們完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)，鼓勵(lì)我們獨(dú)立解決困難，培養(yǎng)我們養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

　　注意：1. 信的形式已經(jīng)為你寫好。

　　2．詞數(shù)100左右。

　　3．參考詞匯：陪讀 accompany sb. studying at school 督促 urge

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 觀點(diǎn)辯論）（二）

　　假如你是某中學(xué)學(xué)生李華。最近，你班同學(xué)正在參加21世紀(jì)英文報(bào)“大家談”欄目的一個(gè)討論。本次話題為：“父母有沒有必要陪讀？”

　　請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表所列情況給報(bào)社寫一封信，客觀地介紹討論的情況。

　　70%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為：30%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為：

　　1． 父母不應(yīng)該陪讀

　　2． 父母陪讀讓我們養(yǎng)成依賴的習(xí)慣，不利于我們將來自控能力的培養(yǎng)，不利于我們培養(yǎng)良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

　　3． 父母陪讀影響了他們的工作、學(xué)習(xí)和休息。1． 父母應(yīng)該陪讀

　　2． 父母陪讀能使我們騰出更多的專心學(xué)習(xí)，使我們身體更健康。

　　3． 父母陪讀能幫助我們確立學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，督促我們完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)，鼓勵(lì)我們獨(dú)立解決困難，培養(yǎng)我們養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

　　注意：1. 信的形式已經(jīng)為你寫好。

　　2．詞數(shù)100左右。

　　3．參考詞匯：陪讀 accompany sb. studying at school 督促 urge

　　Dear editor,

　　Recently our class have had a heated discussion on whether students should be accompanied by parents studying at school. Opinions are divided on the topic.

　　70% of my classmates hold the view that there is no need for parents to do so. For one thing, we may fall into the habit of dependence, which will have a negative effect on the development of our self-control ability. For another, it will affect our parents’ work, study and rest.

　　However, 30% of us are in favor of it. In their opinion, with parents accompanying us, we can spare more time to concentrate on our study and we will become more healthy. Furthermore, parents can help set our study goal and urge us to complete our study tasks. Also we can overcome difficulties on our own. with their encouragement and develop a good habit of studying.

　　Best wishes.

　　Yours,

　　Li Hua

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（三）

　　假如你們學(xué)校“英語愛好者俱樂部”將對(duì)“良好飲食習(xí)慣”這一話題進(jìn)行討論。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列提示，用英語寫一篇發(fā)言稿。內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)應(yīng)包括：

　　部分同學(xué)的飲食習(xí)慣

　　良好的飲食習(xí)慣

　　個(gè)人看法

　　注意：1.發(fā)言稿必須包括所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；

　　2.發(fā)言稿開頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù);

　　3.詞數(shù)：120左右.

　　4.參考詞匯:偏食be particular about food 零食 snack

　　Dear friends,

　　As we all know, we are what we eat. Therefore , it’s very important for us to form healthy eating habits. ____________________________________________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　That’s all. Thank you!

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（三）

　　假如你們學(xué)校“英語愛好者俱樂部”將對(duì)“良好飲食習(xí)慣”這一話題進(jìn)行討論。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列提示，用英語寫一篇發(fā)言稿。內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)應(yīng)包括：

　　部分同學(xué)的飲食習(xí)慣

　　良好的飲食習(xí)慣

　　個(gè)人看法

　　注意：1.發(fā)言稿必須包括所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；

　　2.發(fā)言稿開頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù);

　　3.詞數(shù)：120左右.

　　4.參考詞匯:偏食be particular about food 零食 snack

　　范文：

　　Dear friends,

　　As we all know, we are what we eat. Therefore, it’s a very important for us to from healthy

　　eating habits. However, bad eating habits are still very common among us students. Some of us often

　　go to school without breakfast and some like to have snacks during breaks, as a result of which they can’t take in enough nutrients. We can also find that some students are particular about food; and

　　still some eat or drink too much. All these bad habits will surely do harm to our health.

　　To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit as well as main food. Besides, we’d better have meals regularly.

　　In my opinion, we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body. Only in this way can we have enough energy to study better.

　　That’s all. Thank you!

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（四）

　　假設(shè)你是李華，在出國(guó)交流學(xué)習(xí)期間，到當(dāng)?shù)匾患译娪霸嚎戳艘粓?chǎng)精彩的電影，但在觀影過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些問題。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下列提示用英語給影院經(jīng)理寫一封信。

　　1. 因廣告過多，影片放映晚點(diǎn)；

　　2. 影片播放音量過大；

　　3. 安全出口標(biāo)識(shí)不明，存在安全隱患；

　　適當(dāng)結(jié)尾。

　　注意：

　　1.詞數(shù)：80～120；

　　2.可適當(dāng)加入細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

　　3.信的開頭已為你寫好（不計(jì)入詞數(shù)）。

　　參考詞匯：安全出口－exit

　　安全隱患－potential safety hazard

　　______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（四）

　　假設(shè)你是李華，在出國(guó)交流學(xué)習(xí)期間，到當(dāng)?shù)匾患译娪霸嚎戳艘粓?chǎng)精彩的電影，但在觀影過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些問題。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下列提示用英語給影院經(jīng)理寫一封信。

　　1. 因廣告過多，影片放映晚點(diǎn)；

　　2. 影片播放音量過大；

　　3. 安全出口標(biāo)識(shí)不明，存在安全隱患；

　　適當(dāng)結(jié)尾。

　　注意：

　　1.詞數(shù)：80～120；

　　2.可適當(dāng)加入細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

　　3.信的開頭已為你寫好（不計(jì)入詞數(shù)）。

　　參考詞匯：安全出口－exit

　　安全隱患－potential safety hazard

　　Dear Manager,

　　I’m an exchange student from China. Yesterday, I went to your cinema to see a film. The film was

　　very good, but I’d like to tell you several problems I found while watching the film.

　　Firstly, because there were too many advertisements, the film failed to begin on time, which made some audience angry. Secondly, the volume was too high, only to make me feel uncomfortable. And the last, when the film was on, I looked around carefully but didn’t see an exit sign. I think we shouldn’t ignore potential safety hazard in public places, especially in a cinema.

　　Of course, it’s my own opinion, but I do hope that my suggestion will be a little help to you and that your cinema will take on a new look.

　　Yours faithfully,

　　Li Hua

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 結(jié)合圖表發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（五）

　　今年寒假，你參加了社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，去某旅行社當(dāng)業(yè)余導(dǎo)游。請(qǐng)根據(jù)該旅行社提供的數(shù)據(jù)和你的所見所聞，用英語寫一篇短文，作為寒假作業(yè)交給你的英語老師。

　　Number of people in City X travelling

　　abroad in 1996, 2001 and 2006

　　要求：1. 簡(jiǎn)析表格，說明產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因；2. 結(jié)合漫畫，談?wù)劸惩饴糜纬霈F(xiàn)的`問題；

　　3. 針對(duì)所出現(xiàn)的問題闡述你自己的看法（至少兩點(diǎn)）；4. 詞數(shù)120左右；

　　5. 參考詞匯：吐痰 spit v.

　　_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 結(jié)合圖表發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（五）

　　今年寒假，你參加了社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，去某旅行社當(dāng)業(yè)余導(dǎo)游。請(qǐng)根據(jù)該旅行社提供的數(shù)據(jù)和你的所見所聞，用英語寫一篇短文，作為寒假作業(yè)交給你的英語老師。

　　Number of people in City X travelling

　　abroad in 1996, 2001 and 2006

　　要求：1. 簡(jiǎn)析表格，說明產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因；2. 結(jié)合漫畫，談?wù)劸惩饴糜纬霈F(xiàn)的問題；

　　3. 針對(duì)所出現(xiàn)的問題闡述你自己的看法（至少兩點(diǎn)）；4. 詞數(shù)120左右；

　　5. 參考詞匯：吐痰 spit v.

　　When people’s life is getting better and better, more and more people choose to spend their holidays abroad. The year 2006 sees a sharp increase in the number of overseas travelers compared with the year 2001, when the number was already more than double that of the year 1996. It’s a good thing that Chinese tourism is developing very fast. And yet, reports about people’s bad manners flood in. Some are even asked if all Chinese spit and litter everywhere. The poor behavior has done great harm to the image of China, which is really shameful.

　　China has long been regarded as a country with good manners. Everybody should keep some do’s and don’ts in their mind to guide their behavior in public, home and abroad. Win respect for yourself and our country!

　　一、評(píng)分原則

　　1．詞數(shù)少于100，從總分中減去2分。

　　2．評(píng)分時(shí)，應(yīng)注意的內(nèi)容為：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)量和準(zhǔn)確性、上下文的連貫性及語言的得體性。

　　3．拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是語言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)方面，評(píng)分時(shí)，應(yīng)視其對(duì)交際的影響程度予以考慮。英、美拼寫及詞匯用法均可接受。

　　4．如書寫較差，以致影響交際，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。

　　二、內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)

　　1. 簡(jiǎn)析表格內(nèi)容；

　　2. 出境旅游人數(shù)快速增長(zhǎng)的原因，如：生活水平的提高（學(xué)生需自己發(fā)揮）

　　3. 漫畫中的問題: 隨地吐痰，亂扔垃圾

　　4. 個(gè)人的看法，指出這些行為是不文明的；要提倡社會(huì)公德（學(xué)生需自己發(fā)揮至少兩點(diǎn)）

　　書面表達(dá)指導(dǎo)（結(jié)合圖表發(fā)表看法）

　　常用句型:

　　1. As is shown by the graph/in the table。。（概述圖表，得出結(jié)論）

　　It can be seen from the table that … （概述圖表，得出結(jié)論）

　　A. 正如曲線所示，最近54年來該國(guó)人口飛速增長(zhǎng)。

　　As is shown by the graph, there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the

　　past five years.

　　B. 從表中所給的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字可以看出，從1985年到1990年中國(guó)的人均收入迅速提高。

　　From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased (grew 、rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.

　　C. 從曲線圖可以得出結(jié)論，最近5年來中國(guó)人口的出生率已經(jīng)大大下降。

　　It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.

　　2. … amount to … （數(shù)量總計(jì)）

　　add up to/come to /sum up to

　　全部費(fèi)用合計(jì)200美元。

　　All the expenses (costs) amount to (= add up to) $ 200.

　　3. … increase/rise/grow/climb from … to … （數(shù)量增減）

　　…decrease/fall/drop from…to…

　　A. 這個(gè)工廠生產(chǎn)的彩電已由1986年的5000臺(tái)增加到1990年的21000臺(tái)。

　　The number of colour TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose , grew , climbed) from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.

　　B. 這個(gè)學(xué)校的教職工人數(shù)已減少到700人。

　　The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.

　　There is (was) a rapid/sharp/sudden /gradual/slow rise/decrease in …

　　…be on the increase/decline

　　最近幾年來這個(gè)地區(qū)的棉花產(chǎn)量有了迅速增長(zhǎng)。

　　There has been a rapid increase in the cotton output in this area in the past few years.

　　4.（be）three times as + 形容詞 + as …

　　(be) three times the size/amount/number/height/length of…

　　A. 現(xiàn)在我們地區(qū)的糧食產(chǎn)量相當(dāng)于1970年的3倍。

　　The grain production (= output)in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.

　　B.我校學(xué)生人數(shù)是去年的兩倍。

　　The number of the students in our school is twice that of last year.

　　5. Compared with … , …

　　與去年相比，今年13項(xiàng)主要產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量都有大幅度增長(zhǎng)。

　　Compared with that of last year, the output of 13 main products (= items) this year has increased to a great extent.

　　6. “結(jié)尾”段落中常用的句型：

　　1. In my opinion, … 2. Personally, I … 3. In short (= In brief), …

　　4. In conclusion, … 5.As far as I’m concerned, … 6. To conclude , it seems clear that …

　　至于說到我，我贊成前一種觀點(diǎn)。所以，我的結(jié)論是，只要我們堅(jiān)持正確的東西，改正錯(cuò)誤的東西，我們就一定能成功。

　　As far as I’m concerned ,I’m in favour of the former view. Therefore, my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong.

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 結(jié)合圖表發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（六）

　　假設(shè)你是李華.你將代表學(xué)校參加國(guó)際中學(xué)生論壇，就你所在城市的教育狀況發(fā)表演講。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下兩幅圖表,介紹你市高中學(xué)生構(gòu)成情況及畢業(yè)去向的選擇，并針對(duì)兩幅圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況發(fā)表你自己的看法。

　　注意：1．文章開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出；

　　2．詞數(shù)100左右(不包括已給部分)

　　3. 參考詞匯: 圖表: chart 職業(yè)學(xué)校: vocational school

　　外來務(wù)工人員: non-local workers

　　____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 結(jié)合圖表發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（六）

　　假設(shè)你是李華.你將代表學(xué)校參加國(guó)際中學(xué)生論壇，就你所在城市的教育狀況發(fā)表演講。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下兩幅圖表,介紹你市高中學(xué)生構(gòu)成情況及畢業(yè)去向的選擇，并針對(duì)兩幅圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況發(fā)表你自己的看法。

　　注意：1．文章開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出；2．詞數(shù)100左右(不包括已給部分)

　　3. 參考詞匯: 圖表: chart 職業(yè)學(xué)校: vocational school

　　外來務(wù)工人員: non-local workers

　　范文：

　　Ladies and gentlemen,

　　I'm Li Hua. Today, I'm greatly honored to speak here on behalf of my school. I'm going to talk about the high school education of my city.

　　From Chart 1, we can see high school students are from different family backgrounds. Besides local students, who make up 91 percent, eight percent of the students are the children of non-local workers. Another 1 percent are foreigner students.

　　As is shown in chart 2, sixty percent of them intend to go to university, which is double the number of those who will attend vocational schools. Besides, the other ten percent choose to go abroad for further study.

　　In conclusion, it seems clear that our city government has made more efforts to help the non-local workers, whose children can enjoy the equal right of a good education with the city students. Also with the economic development of our city, more foreigners are attracted to set up businesses here and they are happy to send their children to local schools to learn more about China and Chinese culture. In addition, we have more freedom to choose what we would like to do after graduation. Going to college is no longer the only choice for most of us as it was years ago.

　　I believe the future of the education in our city is promising!

　　That's all. Thank you.

　　07揚(yáng)州一模試卷書面表達(dá)范文：

　　Different Sources of Income Between Chinese and American Students

　　These two charts show the differences in the sources of income between Chinese and American students. As is shown in the charts, Chinese students get 90 percent of their income from their parents while American students get only 50 percent from parents. Besides, for Chinese students, income from doing part time jobs makes up only 5 percent of the total. So does income from scholarships. However, money from part time jobs and scholarships for American students amount to 35 and 15 percent respectively.

　　From the analysis above, we can easily find out the reasons. Chinese parents like to take more care of their children. They’d rather work hard and save money in order to provide their children with everything they need. American parents, on the other hand, like to pay more attention to the development of children’s ability to be independent. They would rather encourage their children to support themselves. As for students, Chinese students tend to depend on parents while American students think it natural to depend on themselves.

　　單句改錯(cuò)：

　　1. American students get 50% of their income from parents. While in China, 90% of the students’ income come from parents.

　　2. It causes the students in China don’t want to do part-time work to earn money.

　　3. American students are more indepent while Chinese students always depend their parents.

　　4. Besides the income from parents, who make up 50%, 35% of American students’ income are from their part-time jobs.

　　5. There is about 35% of the income comes from part-time jobs.

　　6. As is shown in the charts that half of the income of American students is from parents.

　　7. Chinese students are easier to depend on their parents.

　　8. Chinese parents don’t like American parents who attach great importance to their independence.

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 結(jié)合圖表發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（七）

　　根據(jù)圖示，為報(bào)社寫一篇關(guān)于我國(guó)交通事故的報(bào)告。分析原因并對(duì)這種情況提出改進(jìn)措施。字?jǐn)?shù)120字左右。（開頭已給出）

　　The number of the traffic accidents has been growing in recent years. As can be seen from the graph,_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 結(jié)合圖表發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（七）

　　根據(jù)圖示，為報(bào)社寫一篇關(guān)于我國(guó)交通事故的報(bào)告。分析原因并對(duì)這種情況提出改進(jìn)措施。字?jǐn)?shù)120字左右。（開頭已給出）

　　The number of the traffic accidents has been growing in recent years. As can be seen from the graph, in 2004 there occurred 570,000 traffic accidents, in which109,000 people got killed. By October 2005, the number of the accidents reached 566,000 and 95,600 people lost their lives. While the number of the cars makes up only 2% of the total of the world, the rate of the deaths is 22%, making China a country with the highest death rate of traffic accidents in the world.

　　The main reason why so many traffic accidents have happened is that the roads are too crowded and people ignore traffic rules. In order to reduce the traffic accidents, first, the government should take some proper measures, such as developing public traffics. Second, people should obey traffic rules, especially the drivers.

　　Only when people have decided to take action will traffic problems be solved.

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （議論文 結(jié)合圖表發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)）（八）

　　（南通二模考試范文）

　　Recently I have conducted a survey on taking a nap after lunch among my classmates. Most of them are in the habit of sleeping for a while at noon for they believe it does good to them. In general, students prefer to do so around 12:30 and the nap usually lasts for about 30 minutes. They often choose to sleep at home instead of in their classroom or dormitory.

　　Hopefully, the result of my survey can draw the attention of our parents and school. Since most students are in need of a nap, proper arrangements should be made so that students can have a good rest after a whole morning’s hard work. Students should not be asked to do extra schoolwork during this period of time. After all, with a nap after lunch, one can feel refreshed and energetic enough to study more efficiently in the afternoon.

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （應(yīng)用文）（九）

　　（揚(yáng)州一模考試范文）

　　Dear Wang Hai,

　　How are you doing?

　　Recently an American bestseller is popular among the students in our school. I read it, and to my

　　excitement, it was really inspiring. I would like to recommend it to you.

　　The book Chicken Soup for the Soul, written by Jack Canfield, was first published in 1993 and soon became a bestseller. So far over 8 million copies have been sold, ranking first in New York Times and USA Today. The book with 101 stories to open your heart and rekindle your spirit will surely inspire readers of all ages. It has been translated into tens of languages, spreading love to every corner of the world. Besides, an English version will be of great help to English learners as it will help improve our English.

　　The original price of the book is 64 yuan, but you can get one for 54.4 yuan at dangdang.com, which will save you 9.6 yuan. The book will be delivered to you within 24-48 hours after your payment.

　　To get more information, you can visit the website. Get one and enjoy it!

　　Best wishes.

　　Yours,

　　主要存在問題：

　　遺漏要點(diǎn)：24-48小時(shí)內(nèi)送達(dá)

　　理解錯(cuò)誤：款到付貨

　　注意不同表達(dá)方式：

　　1．適合英語學(xué)習(xí)者

　　be good for English learners

　　be of benefit to English learners

　　be a great help to English learners

　　2． 款到付貨

　　It won’t be delivered to you until paid for.

　　Pay money first and then the book will be delivered to your door.

　　The book will be delivered to you after your payment.

　　3． 定價(jià)64元 當(dāng)當(dāng)價(jià)54.5元 節(jié)省9.60元

　　It costs only 54.4 yuan on line, which is 9.6 yuan cheaper than the original price.

　　It costs only 54.4 yuan on line and can save you as much as 9.60 yuan.

　　Dangdang.com offers 15% discount, meaning you only have to pay 54.5 yuan.

　　It allows 15% discount off the original price.

　　4． 這是能激勵(lì)所有年齡層次讀者的書

　　It’s an inspiring book intended for all ages.

　　The book will inspire readers of all ages.

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （應(yīng)用文）（十）

　　假如你叫王平，根據(jù)圖表提示，給你的加拿大網(wǎng)友Smith 寫一封信，介紹你的寒假生活（共20天），可根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況添加細(xì)節(jié)。

　　注意：1．詞數(shù)：100左右； 2．開頭已經(jīng)給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

　　Dear Smith,

　　How are you? How time flies! Now the winter vacation was over and I have come back to school again.

　　_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練 （應(yīng)用文）（十）

　　假如你叫王平，根據(jù)圖表提示，給你的加拿大網(wǎng)友Smith 寫一封信，介紹你的寒假生活（共20天），可根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況添加細(xì)節(jié)。

　　注意：1．詞數(shù)：100左右； 2．開頭已經(jīng)給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

　　Dear Smith,

　　How are you? How time flies! Now the winter vacation was over and I have come back to school again.

　　We had 20 days in all for the holiday, during which we had the most important Chinese Festival—the Spring Festival. It took me about a week to visit my relatives and attend family parties, as it is a traditional custom in China. Of course, I spent most of the time doing my lessons. As you know, I will take the National Examination in June and there’s a short time ahead. Every day I did some English reading, practised writing compositions, worked out a number of maths problems and so on. When I got tired, I would do something to relax myself, like playing basketball with my friends, listening to music, surfing the Internet, playing games, and everything that helped to recover my energy.

　　In a word, I had a full, busy and wonderful holiday. How about you? I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.

　　Yours,

　　Wang Ping

　　議論文突破

　　議論文突破

　　議論文是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發(fā)表見解或提出主張的說理性文章。議論文的目的不僅是客觀的解釋事物，還力圖說服讀者相信并接受某一觀點(diǎn)。英語議論文不完全等同于漢語的議論文，它涉及的范圍要小得多。有人把英語中的議論文舊理解為論證文、推理文或辯論文，還有人直接將議論文歸入到了說明文當(dāng)中。但筆者認(rèn)為就寫作目的與寫作手法而言，英語議論文與英語說明文還是有一定的區(qū)別的。首先，英語說明文主要是對(duì)提出的主題進(jìn)行“說明”和“闡述”，并不進(jìn)行正反評(píng)判和推理，也不強(qiáng)迫讀者接受作者的觀點(diǎn)；而英語議論文主要是就某一主題，在擺出正反兩方面觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，通過論證、推理辯論等手段，試圖讓讀者最終接受作者對(duì)這一主題的某種觀點(diǎn)。盡管有時(shí)也不一定非常明確的交待正反觀點(diǎn)，但力圖通過推理讓讀者贊同自己的觀點(diǎn)始終是英語議論文的主要目的。

　　議論文的應(yīng)用范圍很廣，除了學(xué)術(shù)論文外，社論、評(píng)論、雜文，隨感等都屬議論文的范疇。

　　不管是在漢語中，還是在英語中，議論文都是由論點(diǎn)（作者的觀點(diǎn)，也就是被證明的對(duì)象、論據(jù)（用來證明論點(diǎn)的依據(jù)，是說明論點(diǎn)的理由和材料）和論證（運(yùn)用論據(jù)證明論點(diǎn)的過程與方法），這三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成的，這也是一個(gè)提出問題——分析問題——解決問題的過程。因此，典型的議論文一般就由序論（提出問題，即what）、本論（分析問題，即why）和結(jié)論（解決問題，即how）三個(gè)部分構(gòu)成，其具體的結(jié)構(gòu)模式又有以下三種：

　　模式一：引言段（提出觀點(diǎn)）——正方論點(diǎn)心（支持作者的觀點(diǎn)的較弱論點(diǎn)）、正方論點(diǎn)2（支持作者的觀點(diǎn)的較強(qiáng)論點(diǎn)）、正方論點(diǎn)3（支持作者觀點(diǎn)的最強(qiáng)論點(diǎn)）——結(jié)論段（總結(jié)+解決方法，論斷或建議）

　　在這種模式中，文章主體段（中間部分）的每一個(gè)部分論述一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，這些論點(diǎn)以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的論點(diǎn)在最后面，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

　　模式二：引言段（提出觀點(diǎn)）——反面意見（反方觀點(diǎn)+作者的反駁）、正方論點(diǎn)1（支持作者觀點(diǎn)的較弱論點(diǎn)）、正方論點(diǎn)2（支持作者觀點(diǎn)的較強(qiáng)論點(diǎn)）、正方論點(diǎn)3（支持作者觀點(diǎn)的最強(qiáng)論點(diǎn)）——結(jié)論段（總結(jié)+解決方法，論斷或建議）

　　在這種模式中，文章立體段的一開始就提出對(duì)立方的反面意見及作者對(duì)這種意見的反駁，以后各部分仍分別陳述作者的不同論點(diǎn)。

　　模式三：引言段（提出觀點(diǎn)）——反方觀點(diǎn)1+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)、反方觀點(diǎn)2+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)、反方觀點(diǎn)3+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)——結(jié)論段（總結(jié)+解決方法，論斷或建議）

　　在這種模式中，作者在文章主體段的每一部分都先提出一個(gè)反面觀點(diǎn)，然后再進(jìn)行反駁。

　　議論文有自己的語言個(gè)性，它不同于記敘文的生動(dòng)形象，也不同于說明文的簡(jiǎn)明易懂。議論是對(duì)具體事物、事理作出的理論上分析與闡述，因此，它的語言自然客觀的、抽象的、概括的。同時(shí)，它的語言也很準(zhǔn)確，合乎邏輯。文中會(huì)較多地使用，諸如since（既然），now that（既然），therefore（因而），in that case（在那種情況下），so（所以），It follows that…（因而…），If…，we may conclude that …（如果……，我們可以這樣下結(jié)論……），Should it be the case （如果是這樣的話……），Idon’t want to…,but…（我并不想……），It is true that…,but…（誠然……但是……）,Even if …（即使……）等有辯論和推理含義的連接和過渡詞語與結(jié)構(gòu)，以增強(qiáng)語言的準(zhǔn)確性和邏輯性。此外，作者的寫作態(tài)度一般也較誠懇，在文章中通常使用的是與讀者平等交流的語氣，不會(huì)給人以居高臨下、以勢(shì)居人、逼人接受的感覺，在遣詞造句方面多使用虛擬語氣、讓步狀語從句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

　　同學(xué)們?cè)诮獯鹱h論文體的完形填空時(shí)，首先要讀懂第一節(jié)，尤其是文章的第一句話，

　　這樣就可以迅速找到文章所要論證的觀點(diǎn)，進(jìn)而理解全文的主旨大意。其次要惡心體會(huì)，作者謀篇布局的方法，了解各個(gè)段落的功能，感受作者論證的過程。最后再循著作者的思路重讀全文，推敲各空答案。

　　請(qǐng)看下面的例題：

　　（一）

　　Recently, a professor of philosophy(哲學(xué)) in the United States has written a book called Money and the Meaning of Life. He has 1._____ that how we deal with money in our day to day life has more meaning than we usually 2._____. One of the exercises he has asked his students to do is to keep a 3_____ of every penny they spend for a week. From the 4._____ they spend their money, they can see what they really 5._____ in life.

　　The professor says our 6._____ with others often becomes clearly defined(明確) when money enters the picture. You 7._____ have wonderful friendship with somebody and you think that you are very good friends. But you will know him only when you ask him to lend you some 8._____. If he does, it brings something to the relationship that seems 9._____ than ever before. 10._____it can suddenly weaken the relationship if he doesn’t.

　　Since money is so important to us, we consider those who are 11._____ to be very important. The professor 12._____some rich people in researching his book.

　　Question: What is the most 13._____ thing you have discovered about being rich?

　　Answer: The most surprising thing is why people give me so much 14._____. I am nothing. I don’t know much. All I am is rich.

　　People just have an idea of making more and more money, but what is it 15._____? How much money do I need for any given 16._____ in my life? In his book, the professor uncovered an important 17._____ in modern society: to bring back the idea that the money is an instrument 18._____than the end. Money plays an important 19._____ in the material world, but 20._____ money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life.

　　1.A.pointed B. studied C. discovered D. noticed

　　2.A.imagine B. think C. recognize D. plan

　　3.A.secrect B. diary C. promise D. record

　　4.A.way B. method C. opinion D. attitude

　　5.A.mean B. value C. get D. make

　　6.A.work B. friendship C. relation D. union

　　7.A.should B. must C. had to D. might

　　8.A.cars B. books C. rooms D. money

　　9.A.stronger B. weaker C. worse D. looser

　　10.A.But B. Otherwise C. And D. Then

　　11.A.rich B. poor C. helpful D. ordinary

　　12.A.saw B. interviewed C. questioned D. knew

　　13.A.puzzling B. disappointing C. surprising D. interesting

　　14.A.worry B. doubt C. hate D. respect

　　15.A.about B. against C. for D. at

　　16.A.achievemant B. result C. purpose D. success

　　17.A.need B. discovery C. lack D. event

　　18.A.better B. rather C. more D. less

　　19.A.action B. performance C. role D. trick

　　20.A.demanding B. hoping C. getting D. expecting

　　內(nèi)容概要：本文闡述了金錢在生活中的意義和作用，文章認(rèn)為錢只是一種工具而不應(yīng)該是追求的目標(biāo)。

　　答案簡(jiǎn)析：

　　1、選C。discover表示發(fā)現(xiàn)某一現(xiàn)象，在此較為合乎邏輯。第17空前的uncover一詞對(duì)此也有啟示作用。

　　2、選B。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人們的普遍觀點(diǎn)，故用think。

　　3、選D。keep a record 意為“記錄……”，符合教授的意圖。

　　4、選A。記下花錢的“方式”，有助于人們反思自己在生活中，實(shí)際上總是注重一些什么東西。

　　5、選B。value 意為“珍惜”、“重視”。

　　6、選C。relation（關(guān)系）是中性詞，合乎這里的情境。

　　7、選D。might表示“也許”，在幾個(gè)詞中語氣最弱，符合下一句所揭示的語境。

　　8、選D。由下文可知，這里指“借錢”。

　　9、選A。愿意借錢了，關(guān)系自然比以前更牢固。從下一句的weaken一詞中也能得到啟示。

　　10、選B。otherwise 意為“否則”或“反過來”，它表示對(duì)立關(guān)系，而but 表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”關(guān)系，即不一定是相反的關(guān)系。該句表示借錢怎么樣，不借錢怎么樣，故用otherwise 更為合適。

　　11、選A。由“錢很重要”推斷出“有錢人也很重要”，合乎邏輯。另下一句中也提到了rich people。

　　12、選B。interview 表示“拜訪、采訪”；question 表示提問，用在警察對(duì)普通人，老師對(duì)學(xué)生等場(chǎng)合較多。為了寫書而對(duì)他人進(jìn)行訪談，似乎用interview更好些。

　　13、選C。下一句重現(xiàn)了該詞。

　　14、選D。由后面三句話不難推知，此處應(yīng)為一個(gè)表示積極意義的態(tài)度。

　　15、選C。what for 表示原因，下文解釋了這方面的原因。

　　16、選C。given purpose意思為設(shè)定好的目標(biāo)，此句意為“要多少錢來實(shí)現(xiàn)一生中的那些目標(biāo)呢”。

　　17、選A。冒號(hào)后就是“需求”的具體內(nèi)容。

　　18、選B。rather than 意為“而不是”，the end 表示“目的”。

　　19、選C。根據(jù)意義和搭配選定。

　　20、選D。根據(jù)意義和搭配可以排除另三項(xiàng)。

　　（二）

　　I consider myself something of an expert on apologies. A quick temper(脾氣) has 1._____ me with plenty of opportunities(機(jī)會(huì)) to make them. In one of my earliest 2._____, my mother is telling me, “Don’t watch the 3._____ when you say, ‘I’m sorry. Hold your head up and look the person in the 4._____, so he’ll know you 5._____ it.

　　My mother thus made the key point of a(n) 6._____ apology: it must be direct. You must never 7._____ to be doing something else. You do not 8._____ a pile of letters while apologizing to a person 9._____ in position after blaming him or her for a mistake that turned out to be your 10._____. You do not apologize to a hostess(女主人), whose guest of honor you treat 11._____, by sending flowers the next day without mentioning your bad 12._____.

　　One of the important things you should do for an 13._____ apology is readiness to 14._____ the responsibility(責(zé)任) for our careless mistakes. We are used to making excuses, which leaves no 15._____ for the other person to 16._____ us. Since most people are open-hearted, the no-excuse apology leaves both parties feeling 17._____ about themselves. That, after all, is the 18._____ of every apology. It 19._____ little whether the apologizer is wholly or only partly at fault: answering for one’s 20._____ encourages others to take their share of the blame.

　　1.A.provided B. mixed C. compared D. treated

　　2.A.dreams B. courses C. memories D. ideas

　　3.A.side B. ground C. wall D. bottom

　　4.A.mind B. soul C. face D. eye

　　5.A.imagine B. enjoy C. mean D. regret

　　6.A.useful B. successful C. equal D. basic

　　7.A.pretend B. forget C. refuse D. expect

　　8.A.hold on B. put away C. look through D. pick up

　　9.A.poorer B. weaker C. worse D. lower

　　10.A.fault B. reason C. result D. duty

　　11.A.cruelly B. freely C. roughly D. foolishly

　　12.A.manners B. excuses C. efforts D. roles

　　13.A.active B. effective C. extra D. easy

　　14.A.raise B. perform C. admit D. bear

　　15.A.situation B. need C. sign D. room

　　16.A.advise B. forgive C. warn D. blame

　　17.A.wiser B. warmer C. better D. cleverer

　　18.A.purpose B. method C. end D. advantage

　　19.A.cares B. matters C. depends D. remains

　　20.A.facts B. states C. rights D. actions

　　內(nèi)容概要：本文闡述了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，道歉要真誠，要敢于承擔(dān)責(zé)任，同時(shí)也批評(píng)了一些“假”道歉的行為。

　　答案簡(jiǎn)析：

　　1、選A。provide … with意為“向……提供……”，這一說法頗具幽默色彩。

　　2、選C。緊接著的就是作者回憶出來的內(nèi)容。

　　3、選B。與后面提到的“要抬起頭”正好相反。

　　4、選D。道歉時(shí)看著對(duì)方的眼睛，以示真誠，在這一點(diǎn)上中西方是一樣的。

　　5、選C。mean it意為“這樣對(duì)方就會(huì)明白你有道歉的意思”。it在這里指道歉的行為。

　　6、選B。冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容即為“成功的”道歉的一些基本特征。

　　7、選A。根據(jù)常識(shí)選定。

　　8、選C。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不合語境。

　　9、選D。職位一般論的是高、低。

　　10、選A。與前面的mistake同義。turn out意為“后來證明是”。

　　11、選C。roughly此處表示對(duì)待客人不禮貌，服務(wù)不到位。從前面的要不要道歉的討論可以猜出這一答案。

　　12、選A。bad manners 意為不禮貌的行為，從treat roughly這一信息不難推測(cè)出這一答案。

　　13、選B。effective與successful有異曲同工之妙。

　　14、選D。bear the responsibility（承擔(dān)責(zé)任），系習(xí)慣搭配。

　　15、選D。leave no room不留余地。

　　16、選B。經(jīng)常找借口，那么也就會(huì)不留余地地給別人來“原諒”自己。

　　17、選C。better表示“心情更舒暢”。未找借口的道歉，即真誠的道歉，對(duì)方的感覺一定很好。

　　18、選A。道歉的最終“目的”是化干戈為玉帛，大家和好如初，所以用purpose。 end表示“目的”時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)較多，而且不及purpose直接。

　　19、選B。道歉者是全部還是部分承擔(dān)責(zé)任這些都不太重要：關(guān)鍵是為所作所為主動(dòng)負(fù)責(zé)，這也能促使別人共同承擔(dān)責(zé)任。 根據(jù)語境不難排除另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

　　20、選D。根據(jù)行文邏輯應(yīng)該是對(duì)自己的“行動(dòng)”負(fù)責(zé)。answer for在此意為“對(duì)……

　　負(fù)責(zé)”。

　　（三）

　　Are you carrying too much on your back at school? Lots of kids(孩子) at the same age as you are.

　　Not only are students in China 1_____ from this problem, but kids in the United States are 2____ fed up with（飽受……之苦） heavy school bags.

　　Experts are starting to 3_____ that more and more young students are having back and neck problems as a result of school bags 4_____ too heavy for them.

　　“It’s hard for me to get up the 5_____ with my bag because it’s so heavy,” said Rich Hammond, 6_____11-year-old student in the US.

　　Rick is among the students who have 7_____ backpacks（背包）with two straps(帶子) to carry them, 8____ a number of other students choose rolling backpacks.

　　But even with rolling backpacks, 9____ up stairs and buses with them is 10____ a problem for kids. Many of them have hurt their knees, backs or necks because of heavy school bags.

　　But how much is too 11_____? Experts say students should carry 12____ more than 10 to 15 per cent of their own body weight.

　　Scott Bautch, a Wisconsin 13_____doctor, said kids under 4th grade should 14____with 10 per cent. But it’s also important that older kids don’t go 15____ 15 percent, because their bones are still growing.

　　Bautch explained that there are other injuries caused by backpacks. “Kids are 16_____ their balance and falling down with these backpacks,” he said.

　　Parents and teachers are starting to tell the kids to only take 17_____ library books they will be reading that night. Some teachers are using worksheets(作業(yè)紙) or 18_____ workbooks for students to take home.

　　One of the best answers is, as some 19_____ themselves suggested, to have no homework 20_____!

　　1.A.meeting B. facing C. experiencing D. suffering

　　2.A.already B. always C. yet D. also

　　3.A.explain B. say C. worry D. announce

　　4.A.being B. be C. are D. is

　　5.A.schools B. stairs C. houses D. homes

　　6.A.this B. that C. a D. an

　　7.A.special B. unusual C. ordinary D. regular

　　8.A.when B. then C. but D. and

　　9.A.getting B. climbing C. going D. turning

　　10.A.only B. still C. even D. just

　　11.A.more B. very C. much D. many

　　12.A.no B. not C. any D. much

　　13.A.children B. student C. bag D. back

　　14.A.carry B. stay C. take D. bring

　　15.A.about B. under C. beyond D. before

　　16.A.keeping B. missing C. losing D. making

　　17.A.home B. class C. school D. city

　　18.A.valuable B. thin C. important D. interesting

　　19.A.reports B. teachers C. parents D. kids

　　20.A.at all B. after all C. in all D. for all

　　內(nèi)容概要：本文論述了沉重的書包對(duì)孩子身體所帶來的危害，文章最后借用孩子的口吻發(fā)出了呼喚——取消家庭作業(yè)。

　　答案簡(jiǎn)析：

　　1、選D。由后面的also fed up with（也飽受……之苦）選定。

　　2、選D。not only…but also系習(xí)慣搭配。

　　3、選C。學(xué)生負(fù)擔(dān)重，是一個(gè)人人皆知的現(xiàn)象，無需專家指出，故排除A、B、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

　　4、選A。of后是一個(gè)介詞短語，故選非謂語動(dòng)詞being。

　　5、選B。由副詞up可排除另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

　　6、選D。此處表示泛指，故用不定冠詞，又由于eleven以元音開頭，所以選擇an。

　　7、選D。這里的regular等于usual，意為“正常的、通常的”，背著書包上學(xué)，確實(shí)應(yīng)視為“正常”現(xiàn)象。

　　8、選C。使用帶滾輪的書包是有悖于背書包上學(xué)這一正常現(xiàn)象的，前后意義在此形成轉(zhuǎn)折。

　　9、選A。上文已呈現(xiàn)過這一說法，此外，另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不能與bus搭配。

　　10、選B。根據(jù)even選定。

　　11、選C。 由主語中的much推定。

　　12、選A。no more than意為“僅僅”。not more than意為“不超過”，須后接一個(gè)固定值，10 to 15表示的是一個(gè)區(qū)間，數(shù)值并不固定，故舍去D。

　　13、選D。通過排除法選定。兒科醫(yī)生用baby doctor，所以A是不能選用的。

　　14、選B。stay表示“堅(jiān)持，承受”。另三詞后面不能用with。

　　15、選C。 beyond意為“超出”。前面已交待過學(xué)生背負(fù)的重量應(yīng)在自身體重量的10%至15%之間，即不能“超出”15%。

　　16、選C。背著背包跌倒的原因就是身體“失去”平衡。

　　17、選A。第18空后再現(xiàn)了take home這一說法，此外，另三個(gè)詞是名詞，不能作狀語，所以應(yīng)舍去。

　　18、選B。這里討論的是作業(yè)的量，而不是質(zhì)，故選thin。

　　19、選D。全文談的是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)沉重的事，因此，由themselves ，我們首先聯(lián)想到的是kids。

　　20、選A。根據(jù)全文意義和與否定詞經(jīng)常連用的特點(diǎn)選定at all。

　　學(xué)了這么多年英語，到底怎樣才叫英語好？

　　小學(xué)，中學(xué)，大學(xué)，到步入社會(huì)，

　　總會(huì)聽到：哇！誰誰誰，你英語真好！！

　　那么問題來了，

　　到底怎樣才算英語好呢？

　　四六級(jí)分?jǐn)?shù)高？托福雅思高？能用英語交流？

　　說到英語學(xué)習(xí)，無外乎就是聽、說、讀、寫。那我們從這幾個(gè)方面談?wù)勗鯓咏杏⒄Z好：

　　聽：聽英文無壓力，不費(fèi)腦子，沒有一種“在聽英文聽力”的趕腳。

　　說：主要腦力都被用在了“說什么”上面，而不是“怎么用英語翻譯想說的內(nèi)容”上。即，想到什么張口就說，同時(shí)意識(shí)層面很少出現(xiàn)“這個(gè)語法怎么才對(duì)/這個(gè)意思怎么用英語表達(dá)”之類的念頭。

　　讀：讀報(bào)刊新聞的速度達(dá)到與英語為母語的人同一數(shù)量級(jí)的水平（然而事實(shí)是：人家5分鐘讀完，你花10分鐘）。

　　寫：能說就會(huì)寫，或者能更“高級(jí)”地寫，達(dá)到能在Quara/Reddit/Yahoo上與人流暢撕逼的程度。更高級(jí)的寫作能力不做要求。

　　試問又要多少人能真正做到以上每一點(diǎn)呢~~~

　　判定英語好不好，并不是一定要量化到會(huì)聽?zhēng)讉�(gè)句子，會(huì)說幾句話，或會(huì)寫幾篇文章，其實(shí)，在小編看來，對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來說，英語好就是：

　　1.能用好這門語言，讓它帶給你/并主動(dòng)接受一個(gè)更好的思維方式與更廣闊的天地；

　　2.能用好這門語言，為自己搭建更廣闊的舞臺(tái)，發(fā)出的聲音讓更多的人聽見。

　　那么，如何學(xué)好英語？

　　匈牙利有一位叫卡莫．洛姆布的人說："我大致用了25年的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)了16種語言，10種達(dá)到能說的程度，另外6種達(dá)到能翻譯專業(yè)書刊，閱讀和欣賞文藝作品的程度。"并把自己漫游外語天地所獲得的心得體會(huì)總結(jié)為以下十條：

　　1.學(xué)習(xí)外語一天也不能中斷。倘若確實(shí)沒有時(shí)間，哪怕每天擠出10分鐘也行；早晨是學(xué)習(xí)外語的大好時(shí)光。

　　2.要是學(xué)厭了，不必過于勉強(qiáng)，但也不要扔下不學(xué)。這時(shí)可以改變一下學(xué)習(xí)方式；比如把書放到一邊去聽聽廣播，或暫時(shí)擱下課本的練習(xí)去翻翻詞典等。

　　3.絕不要脫離上下文孤立地去死背硬記。單詞應(yīng)該來源于你閱讀的材料，聽力的音頻。單詞在句子中，在語境中才是有意義的。

　　4.應(yīng)該隨時(shí)地記下并背熟那些平日用得最多的"句套子"。

　　5.盡可能'心譯'你接觸到的東西，如一閃而過的廣告，偶而聽到的話語，這也是一種休息的方式。

　　6.只有經(jīng)過教師修改的東西才值得牢記。

　　7.抄錄和記憶句子和慣用語時(shí)要用單數(shù)第一人稱，如"i am only pulling your leg"(我只是要戲弄你)

　　8.外語好比碉堡，必須同時(shí)從四面八方向它圍攻：讀報(bào)紙，聽廣播，看原文電影，聽外語講演，攻讀課本，和外國(guó)朋友通訊，來往，交談等等。

　　9.要敢于說話，不要怕出錯(cuò)誤，要請(qǐng)別人糾正錯(cuò)誤。尤為重要的當(dāng)別人確實(shí)為你糾正錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，不要難為情，不要泄氣。

　　10.要堅(jiān)信你一定能學(xué)好，要堅(jiān)信自己有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)不屈的毅力和語言方面的非凡才能。

　　科比宣布退役（雙語）

　　導(dǎo)讀:科比·布萊恩特幫助湖人隊(duì)在NBA中拿下了五次冠軍，在洛杉磯度過了20年的職業(yè)生涯。周日，他在球員論壇上宣布在賽季比賽后將退役的消息。他說：“這將是我的最后一個(gè)賽季。”

　　Kobe Bryant, who helped the Lakers win five NBA championships over a 20-year career spent entirely in Los Angeles, announced Sunday on The Players’ Tribune that he will retire after this season, declaring, "This season is all I have left to give."

　　科比.布萊恩特幫助湖人隊(duì)在NBA中拿下了五次冠軍，在洛杉磯度過了20年的職業(yè)生涯。周日，他在球員論壇上宣布在賽季比賽后將退役的消息。他說：“這將是我的最后一個(gè)賽季。”

　　In a piece titled "Dear Basketball," the 37-year-old wrote in the form of a poem that the sport "gave a six-year-old boy his Laker dream/And I’ll always love you for it."

　　在一篇名為“至我親愛的籃球”的詩中，這位37歲的球員寫道，“你讓那個(gè)六歲的小男孩心懷湖人夢(mèng)/我會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)愛你。”

　　From the moment

　　那一年

　　I started rolling my dad’s tube socks

　　我第一次穿上爸爸的筒襪

　　And shooting imaginary Game-winning shots

　　幻想著自己在場(chǎng)上贏球

　　In the Great Western Forum

　　幻想自己在西部論壇球館

　　I knew one thing was real:

　　我知道

　　I fell in love with you.

　　我愛上了籃球

　　A love so deep I gave you my all —

　　我愛的如此深切

　　From my mind & body

　　無論思想，肉體

　　To my spirit & soul.

　　還是精神，靈魂

　　As a six-year-old boy

　　六歲的我

　　Deeply in love with you

　　已深深地愛上了籃球

　　I never saw the end of the tunnel.

　　我看不到盡頭

　　I only saw myself

　　我只看到了自己

　　Running out of one.

　　竭盡全力

　　And so I ran.

　　努力奔跑

　　I ran up and down every court

　　我在球場(chǎng)上不斷奔跑

　　After every loose ball for you.

　　爭(zhēng)奪每一個(gè)籃板球

　　You asked for my hustle

　　你們想看到我努力拼搏

　　I gave you my heart

　　我便將赤心交于你們

　　Because it came with so much more.

　　這其中，想說的提多

　　I played through the sweat and hurt

　　我揮汗如雨，帶傷征戰(zhàn)

　　Not because challenge called me

　　不為挑戰(zhàn)

　　But because YOU called me.

　　只為籃球

　　I did everything for YOU

　　我傾盡一切

　　Because that’s what you do

　　只為籃球

　　When someone makes you feel as

　　你讓我感到充實(shí)

　　Alive as you’ve made me feel.

　　讓我意識(shí)到自己還活著

　　You gave a six-year-old boy his Laker dream

　　你讓那個(gè)六歲的小男孩心懷湖人夢(mèng)

　　And I’ll always love you for it.

　　我愛你愛的太多

　　But I can’t love you obsessively for much longer.

　　但是我不能再沉溺地愛下去了

　　This season is all I have left to give.

　　這將是我最后一個(gè)賽季

　　My heart can take the pounding

　　我的心仍在跳

　　My mind can handle the grind

　　我的意志仍然堅(jiān)強(qiáng)

　　But my body knows it’s time to say goodbye.

　　但是我的身體告訴我，該告別了

　　And that’s OK.

　　好吧

　　I’m ready to let you go.I want you to know now

　　我該放手了，我想讓你明白

　　So we both can savor every moment we have left together.

　　在剩余的時(shí)光中，我們盡情享受

　　The good and the bad.

　　好壞亦然

　　We have given each other

　　我們已經(jīng)為對(duì)方

　　All that we have.

　　傾盡所有

　　And we both know, no matter what I do next

　　我們都知道，從今以后

　　I’ll always be that kid. With the rolled up socks

　　我還是那個(gè)小男孩，穿著筒襪

　　Garbage can in the corner

　　瞄準(zhǔn)墻角的垃圾桶

　　:05 seconds on the clock

　　默念倒計(jì)時(shí)五秒

　　Ball in my hands.

　　球在我手中

　　5…4…3…2…1

　　5…4…3…2…1

　　Love you always,

　　永遠(yuǎn)愛著你，我的籃球

　　Kobe

　　科比

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